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Syria (region)

URI https://medievalmideast.org/place/929

A place

Names

  • Arabic: الشام = al-Shām 1, 3
  • Arabic: الشام = al-Shām 2
  • Armenian: Ասորիք = Asorikʻ 4-6
  • Armenian: Ասորիս = Asoris 7-9
  • Armenian: Շամ = Sham 10-13
  • Armenian: Շամատուն = Shamatun 14
  • Armenian: Շամայ Տուն = Shamay Tun 15
  • Armenian: Շամբ = Shamb 16-19
  • Armenian: Շամբն = Shambn 20
  • Armenian: Տունն Շամայ = Tunn Shamay 21
  • Greek: Συρίαν = Syrian 22
  • Hebrew: אל שאם = ʾL ShʾM 23
  • Latin: Syria 24
  • Latin: Syria magna 25
  • Latin: Syria maior 26
  • Persian: شام = Shām 27
  • Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ = SWRYʾ 28

Temporal Data

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Show table of instances where this place is mentioned
Event DescriptionDate
Event mentioned by Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. 1 before c. 1225c.1225877 A.H. / 14721995
Event mentioned by Nuʿaym b. Ḥammād. 2 before 843 CEc. 820-843 CE687 A.H. / 1288-9 CE1993
Event mentioned by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa. 3 before 1354 CE1354-1356early 1180 A.H. / 17661997
Event mentioned by Karapet. 4 1437143714371955
Event mentioned by T‘umay Metsop‘ets‘i. 5 1449144914491955
Event mentioned by T‘uma. 6 1449144914491955
Event mentioned by an Armenian scribe. 7 1307130713071950
Event mentioned by Abraham. 8 1315131513151950
Event mentioned by Sargis. 9 1325132513251950
Event mentioned by Yohanēs Aparanerets‘i. 10 1400140014001950
Event mentioned by T‘awak‘al. 11 1400140014001955
Event mentioned by Yohanēs Aparanerets‘i. 12 1401140114011955
Event mentioned by an Armenian scribe. 13 1468146814681958
Event mentioned by Grigor (Tserents‘) Khlat‘ets‘i. 14 1422142214221955
Event mentioned by Movsēs Artskets‘i. 15 1472147214721958
Event mentioned by Vardan. 16 1303130313031950
Event mentioned by Martiros. 17 1304130413041950
Event mentioned by Sargis. 18 1367136713671950
Event mentioned by an Armenian scribe. 19 1401140114011955
Event mentioned by Martiros. 20 1303130313031950
Event mentioned by Yakovb. 21 1304130413041950
Event mentioned by Laonikos Chalkokondyles. 22 before 14641464-1468mid-late 15th C2014
Events mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela 23 before c.1170c.117313th C1907
Events mentioned by Burchard of Mount Sion 24-26 c.1280c.128414th C1864
Events mentioned by Nāṣir-i Khusraw 27 c. 1050circa 106510th C Hijrī/16th C CE2001
Events mentioned by Michael the Syrian 28 before 11991195-1199?15982009

Sources

  • 1Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān (Beirut: Dār Ṣādr, 1995), (1) 232، 243، 252 (3) 52، 68، 142، 292، 311، 332، 385، 392 [Arabic].
  • 2Nuʿaym b. Ḥammād, Kitāb al-Fitan, edited by Suhayl Zakkār (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993), 22, 26, 28, 30, 64, 66, 70, 74, 81, 84, 88, 89, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 148, 150, 153, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 236, 241, 243, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 258, 259, 261, 267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 274, 275, 279, 280, 284, 285, 286, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 302, 303, 304, 305, 312, 321, 322, 323, 326, 330, 335, 350, 372, 379, 380, 381, 383, 391, 408, 409, 410, 413, 415, 416, 421, 424, 425, 426, 429, 430, 431, 433 [Arabic].
    • Syria: Nuʿaym b. Ḥammād, The Book of Tribulations: The Syrian Muslim Apocalyptic Tradition, translated by David Cook (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017), xv-xvi, xxxv, 11, 12n, 16, 17, 45, 53, 57, 68, 73, 74, 96, 97, 104, 105, 110, 113, 114, 121, 122, 123, 124-5, 126, 127, 135, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 155, 158, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 176, 180, 182, 189, 191, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 216, 222, 235-6, 243, 245, 251-3, 256, 259, 260, 262, 264, 269-73, 274, 279, 290, 293, 298, 299, 307-8, 326, 332-6, 349, 356-7, 389-95, 405, 420, 422, 431, 433, 438, 439-41, 444 [English].
  • 3Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: al-musammāt Tuḥfat al-niẓār fī gharāʾib al-amṣār wa-ʿajāʾib al-asfār, edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī al-Tāzī (al-Ribāṭ: Akādīmiyyat al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya, 1417 H [1996-97]), 1:239-346 [Arabic].
    • Syria: H. A. R. Gibb, C. F. Beckingham, and A. D. H. Bivar, trans., The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325-1354 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1958-2000), I, 71-160 [English].
  • 4L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), no. 518a I: p. 473 [Armenian].
    • Asorik‘: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1437 (no. 5) [English].
  • 5L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), no. 710 I: p. 637 [Armenian].
    • Asorik‘: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1449 (no. 3) [English].
  • 6L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), no. 711 I: p. 637 [Armenian].
    • Asorik‘: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1449 (no. 4) [English].
  • 7L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 65 p. 51 [Armenian].
    • Asoris: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1307 (no. 5) [English].
  • 8L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 150 p. 113 [Armenian].
    • Asoris: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1315 (no. 1) [English].
  • 9L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 239 p. 192 [Armenian].
    • Asoris: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1325 (no. 1) [English].
  • 10L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 787a p. 633 [Armenian].
    • Šam: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1400 (no. 4) [English].
  • 11L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), I: p. 3, n.1 [Armenian].
    • Šam: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1400 (no. 5) [English].
  • 12L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), no. 9b I: p. 15 [Armenian].
    • Šam: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1401 (no. 6) [English].
  • 13L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1958), no. 349 II: pp. 273-274 [Armenian].
    • Šam: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1468 (no. 4) [English].
  • 14L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), nos. 300, 300b I: pp. 272-288 [Armenian].
    • Šamatun: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1422 (no. 1) [English].
  • 15L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1958), no. 424b II: pp. 333-337 [Armenian].
    • Šamay Tun: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1472 (no. 1) [English].
  • 16L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 231 p. 186 [Armenian].
    • Šamb: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1303 (no. 6) [English].
  • 17L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 17d p. 17 [Armenian].
    • Šamb: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1304 (no. 1) [English].
  • 18L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 582 p. 477 [Armenian].
    • Šamb: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1367 (no. 1) [English].
  • 19L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1955), no. 1 I: pp. 3-4 [Armenian].
    • Šamb: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1401 (no. 1) [English].
  • 20L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 17b pp. 16-17 [Armenian].
    • Šambn: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1303 (no. 4) [English].
  • 21L. S. Khach‘ikyan, ed., XIV Dari Hayeren Dzeṛagreri Hishatakaranner (Yerevan: Haykakan S. S. Ṛ. Gitut‘yunneri Akademiayi Hratarakch‘ut‘yun, 1950), no. 28 pp. 24-25 [Armenian].
    • Tunn Šamay: Avedis K. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 1304 (no. 3) [English].
  • 22Syria: Laonikos Chalkokondyles, The Histories, ed. Anthony Kaldellis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014), para. 2.51; 3.15, 19; 4.23, 38; 5.33 [Greek with English translation].
  • 23Esh-Sham: Marcus N. Adler, ed., The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (London: Frowde, 1907), 106 [Hebrew with English translation].
  • 24Syria: Burchard of Mount Sion, Descriptio Terrae Sanctae, in J. C. M. Laurent, ed., Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor (Leipzig: C. P. Melzeri, 1864), prol. 9, I 1. 2 passim, 3, IV 17. 19, V 5. 8. 9, XIII 6. 12. [Latin].
  • 25Syria magna: Burchard of Mount Sion, Descriptio Terrae Sanctae, in J. C. M. Laurent, ed., Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor (Leipzig: C. P. Melzeri, 1864), I 3. [Latin].
  • 26Syria maior: Burchard of Mount Sion, Descriptio Terrae Sanctae, in J. C. M. Laurent, ed., Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor (Leipzig: C. P. Melzeri, 1864), I 4. [Latin].
  • 27Syria: Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Nasir-i Khusraw's Book of Travels, ed. Wheeler M. Thackston (Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda, 2001), 13, 16 [Persian with English translation].
  • 28Gregorios Yuhanna Ibrahim, ed., The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Michael the Great (Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2009), 9 [Syriac].
    • Syrie: J.-B. Chabot, trans., Chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1901), I, 18, 39, 75, 115-117, 119, 120, 122-124, 131, 132, 134, 137, 168, 193, 203, 243; II, 3, 173, 240, 248, 268, 318, 325, 336, 337, 344, 345, 364, 367, 374, 378, 379, 409, 411, 419-421, 423-425, 431, 456, 487, 492, 506, 523, 526; III, 1, 38, 59, 73, 75-78, 83, 96, 122, 128, 133, 145, 175, 182, 187, 191, 198, 222, 226, 240, 241, 316, 334, 335, 343, 347, 352, 353, 357, 374, 400, 403, 439 [French].
    • Syria: Michael the Syrian, The Chronicle of Michael the Great (The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex): Books XV–XXI From the Year 1050 to 1195 AD, ed. Amir Harrak (Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2019), xv, xxii–xxiv, xxvi, xxx, 32, 36 nn.105–106, 44, 58 n.183, 60, 68, 70, 76, 78 & n.253, 94, 144, 150, 160 n.491, 172, 178, 180, 188, 258 n.741, 338, 342, 346, 354, 368, 382, 386, 394, 410 n.1118, 418, 432, 436 n. 1174, 444, 446, 450, 452 n.1208, 464 [Syriac with English translation].

How to Cite This Entry

Thomas A. Carlson, et al., “Syria” in Thomas A. Carlson, ed. Historical Index of the Medieval Middle East, last modified September 16, 2021, https://medievalmideast.org/place/929.

Additional credit information:

  • Thomas A. Carlson: Data merging and XML; matching and transliteration from Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī’s Muʿjam al-Buldān; categorization, matching, Arabic collection and transliteration from Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's travel account; categorization, matching, Armenian collection/transliteration from Sanjian's Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts; categorization, matching, Greek collection and transliteration from Chalkokondyles' history; Hebrew transliteration from Benjamin of Tudela's travelogue; matching from Laurent's Peregrinatores medii aevi quattuor; matching from Nāṣir-i Khusraw's travelogue; and categorization, matching, Syriac collection and transliteration, and reconciling Harrak's pages from Michael's chronicle
  • Evan Willford: place categorization and matching from Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's travel account
  • Jessica Mutter: categorization, matching, and Arabic name collection and transcription from Nuʿaym Ibn Ḥammād’s Kitāb al-Fitan and categorization, matching, and reconciling Harrak's pages from Michael's chronicle
  • McKenzie Cady: citation generation from Sanjian's Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts and categorization from Michael's chronicle
  • Josh Kuch: categorization from Chalkokondyles' history
  • Liran Yadgar: categorization, matching, Hebrew collection from Benjamin of Tudela's travelogue
  • Margaret Gaida: categorization from Laurent's Peregrinatores medii aevi quattuor
  • Mary Papadopoulos: categorization, matching, Persian collection and transliteration from Nāṣir-i Khusraw's travelogue
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